Christmas is the most joyous time of the year and countries around the world celebrate this momentous event. People practice several Christmas traditions to live the festive spirits like enjoying some activities, eat sumptuous meals, unlimited drinking and merrymaking, decorating their homes, buildings with bright lights and decors and a lot more things. Aside from these, there are things associated with Christmas that though were common during this season, for the most part we really don't have an idea about its origins of how or where it started. To better appreciate these things we should know how these objects and traditions came to be and made us realize how it evolves and how it becomes as we know today.
Christmas traditions are a blend of ancient pagan rituals, Christian religious history, and 19th-century cultural reinventions. Many of the items used to celebrate the holiday in 2025 have origins that stretch back centuries before the birth of Jesus.
So here are just some of the things associated with Christmas.
The modern Christmas tree originated in 16th-century Germany, where devout Christians began bringing decorated evergreen trees into their homes. Its history is a blend of ancient pagan customs and Christian traditions that evolved over centuries.
1. Ancient and Pagan Roots
Long before the Christian era, evergreens held special symbolic meaning during the winter months:
Symbol of Life: Many ancient cultures, including the Egyptians (palms), Romans (evergreen boughs for Saturnalia), and Vikings, saw evergreens as a sign of enduring life that would return when the sun god recovered from "illness" after the winter solstice.
Warding Spirits: Northern European pagans often hung evergreen branches over doors to keep away ghosts, witches, and illness during the darkest days of the year.
2. Christian Evolution
The transition to the modern "Christmas tree" is linked to several Christian milestones:
Paradise Plays: In the Middle Ages, popular "mystery plays" told Bible stories to illiterate populations. On December 24, the feast day of Adam and Eve, a "Paradise Tree" (an evergreen hung with apples) was used to represent the Garden of Eden.
St. Boniface Legend: An 8th-century story claims the English missionary Saint Boniface chopped down a sacred pagan oak (Donar's Oak) in Germany and pointed to a small fir tree as a symbol of the "true God," its triangular shape representing the Holy Trinity.
Martin Luther: The 16th-century Protestant reformer is widely credited with being the first to add lighted candles to a tree. Legend says he was inspired by the sight of stars twinkling through the forest and used candles to recreate the scene for his family.
3. Global Popularization
German Foundations: The first documented use of a decorated tree at Christmas is claimed by Riga, Latvia (1510) and Tallinn, Estonia (1441), where merchant guilds displayed trees in town squares.
British Royalty: The tradition reached the United Kingdom via German-born Queen Charlotte (wife of George III) in 1800, but it was Queen Victoria and Prince Albert who truly popularized it. An 1848 illustration of the royal family gathered around a decorated tree at Windsor Castle made the custom "fashionable" worldwide.
Spread to America: German settlers brought the custom to the U.S. in the late 1700s, but it was initially resisted by Puritans who viewed it as a "pagan mockery." It only gained widespread acceptance after the royal family's illustration was reprinted in American magazines in the 1850s.
The origin of the nativity scene is most famously traced back to Saint Francis of Assisi, who created the first "living" nativity in 1223 in the Italian town of Greccio.
The First Living Nativity (1223)
Motivation: After a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, Saint Francis wanted to help people—many of whom were illiterate—visually understand and "touch" the poverty and simplicity of Christ's birth.
The Scene: With permission from Pope Honorius III, Francis set up a manger with hay and a live ox and donkey inside a cave. The original display did not use statues; instead, it was a live reenactment with local townspeople.
Impact: The event was so popular that it quickly spread throughout Italy and eventually all of Europe.
Earlier Artistic Origins
While Saint Francis popularized the seasonal display, symbolic representations of the birth of Jesus existed centuries earlier in Christian art:
Early Catacombs: Some of the earliest known depictions are frescoes found in the Catacomb of Saint Valentine (c. AD 380) and the Catacomb of Priscilla (late 3rd/early 4th century) in Rome.
Sarcophagi: 4th-century Roman sarcophagi often featured carved reliefs of the infant Jesus in a manger with an ox and an ass.
Development of Static Scenes
Oldest Stone Nativity: The oldest known permanent set of nativity figurines was sculpted in marble by Arnolfo di Cambio around 1291 for the Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome.
Neapolitan Tradition: In the 18th century, Naples, Italy, became the center for elaborate, miniature nativity scenes (presepi). These often included hundreds of figures depicting everyday Neapolitan life alongside the holy family.
French "Santons": During the French Revolution, when public displays were banned, people in Provence began making small terracotta figurines called santons ("little saints") for private worship at home.
The tradition of sending Christmas cards originated in 19th-century England, specifically in 1843, when Sir Henry Cole commissioned the first commercial card to save time on his holiday correspondence.
The First Commercial Christmas Card (1843)
The Creator: Sir Henry Cole, a British civil servant and later the first director of the Victoria and Albert Museum, found himself too busy to write individual Christmas letters to his many friends and business associates.
The Designer: He commissioned artist John Callcott Horsley to illustrate the card.
The Design: The card was a triptych (three-panel) design.
Center panel: Depicted a family gathered around a table drinking wine and celebrating.
Side panels: Showed acts of charity, such as feeding the hungry and clothing the poor.
Greeting: It featured the phrase, "A Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year to You," which became the standard holiday greeting.
Initial Reception: About 1,000 cards were printed and sold for one shilling each. The card was somewhat controversial because it depicted children drinking wine, which upset members of the temperance movement.
Key Drivers of the Tradition
Several factors allowed the practice to grow from a single experiment into a global custom:
Postal Reform: The introduction of the Uniform Penny Post in 1840 in the UK made sending mail affordable for the general public, costing only one penny per item regardless of distance.
Printing Technology: Advances in color printing (chromolithography) in the 1860s and 1870s allowed cards to be mass-produced cheaply, making them accessible to the middle and working classes.
The "Father" of American Cards: Louis Prang, a Prussian immigrant, is credited with introducing the first commercial Christmas cards to the United States in 1875.
The Hallmark Revolution: In 1915, Joyce Hall and his brothers (the founders of Hallmark) changed the format from a single postcard to a folded card inserted into an envelope, which allowed for more privacy and longer messages.
Early Themes and Curiosities
Contrary to modern cards, early Victorian designs rarely featured religious or snowy scenes. Instead, they often included:
Flowers and Fairies: Symbolizing the anticipation of spring.
Humorous and "Bizarre" Scenes: Such as animals performing human tasks (e.g., cats with parasols or frogs dancing).
The Robin: Postmen in Victorian England wore red uniforms and were nicknamed "robins"; hence, early cards often depicted robins delivering mail.
The parol (derived from the Spanish word farol, meaning "lantern") is the primary symbol of Christmas in the Philippines. Its origins are a blend of practical utility, religious devotion, and artistic innovation.
1. Spanish Colonial Roots (Religious Processions)
The tradition of the parol emerged during the Spanish colonial period as a local adaptation of Hispanic religious customs.
Purpose: Lanterns were originally functional tools used to light the way for townspeople attending Simbang Gabi (dawn masses) starting on December 16.
Panunulúyan Pageant: They were used during the Panunulúyan, a reenactment of Mary and Joseph’s search for lodging in Bethlehem. After these processions, participants would hang the lanterns outside their windows as a sign that their homes were open to receive the spirit of Christ.
Early Forms: Initial parols were simple rectangular or oblong boxes made of bamboo and white Japanese paper (papel de japón), lit by candles or coconut oil lamps.
2. Standardization of the Star Shape
While early lanterns came in various shapes (including fish, crosses, or lambs), the iconic five-pointed star became the standard during the American colonial period.
Symbolism: The star represents the Star of Bethlehem that guided the Three Wise Men to the manger.
Francisco Estanislao (1908): A salt dealer from Bacolor, Pampanga, is credited with crafting the first known five-pointed star-shaped parol in 1908. He used bamboo strips covered in Japanese paper, which set the template for the modern traditional design.
3. Technological Evolution in Pampanga
Pampanga, specifically San Fernando (the "Christmas Capital of the Philippines"), drove the technological advancement of the parol.
Electrification (1930s-1940s): The arrival of electricity allowed lanterns to use light bulbs instead of candles. The first battery-operated parols with incandescent bulbs appeared in the 1940s.
The Rotor (1957): Artisan Rodolfo David invented a rotor mechanism using rotating steel drums and hairpins to program "dancing" lights, leading to the complex, kaleidoscopic displays seen today in the Giant Lantern Festival (Ligligan Parul).
4. Theoretical Pre-Colonial Connections
Some historians suggest the parol has deeper roots predating Spanish influence:
Chinese Influence: It is believed to be a localized version of Chinese paper lanterns introduced by early traders.
Austronesian Traditions: Evidence suggests indigenous Kapampangan rituals, such as Daun (offerings to ancestral spirits), used lanterns to guide spirits, which later synthesized with Christian practices.
The origin of Christmas lights evolved from dangerous traditional candles to high-tech electric strands over several centuries.
1. Candlelit Beginnings (17th Century)
The tradition of lighting Christmas trees originated in Germany during the 17th century. Families attached small wax candles to tree branches with melted wax or pins to symbolize Jesus as the "Light of the World". Because this was a severe fire hazard, the candles were typically lit for only a few minutes at a time while the family watched with buckets of water or sand nearby.
2. The First Electric Lights (1880–1882)
Thomas Edison (1880): One year after inventing the practical light bulb, Edison created the first outdoor electric light display by stringing bulbs around his laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey, during the 1880 holiday season.
Edward H. Johnson (1882): Often called the "Father of the Electric Christmas Tree," Johnson (Edison’s business partner) hand-wired 80 red, white, and blue bulbs and wrapped them around a rotating Christmas tree in his New York home. This was the first known instance of an electrically lit Christmas tree.
3. Commercialization and Popularity (1890s–1920s)
The idea of electric Christmas lights gained popularity in 1895 when President Grover Cleveland used hundreds of multi-colored bulbs on the White House Christmas tree. In 1903, General Electric started selling the first pre-assembled light kits, making them more accessible, though still expensive at about $300–$350 in today's money. Following a candle-related fire, Albert Sadacca proposed selling colored light strands. By the 1920s, he and his brothers established NOMA, which became the largest Christmas light manufacturer.
4. Modern Innovations
Innovations continued after WWII with NOMA's "bubble lights," which created a flickering effect. The late 1990s saw the introduction of energy-efficient LED lights. More recently, "smart lights" like those from Twinkly, introduced in 2016, allow detailed control and animation via smartphone apps.
Kris Kringle refers to both Santa Claus (a variation of the name from German "Christkindl") and, more commonly today, a popular Secret Santa gift exchange where people anonymously draw names to buy gifts for one person, popular in places like Australia and the Philippines (where it's like Monito-Monita) to spread holiday cheer affordably. It's a fun, surprise-filled tradition for friends, families, or colleagues to share gifts without the pressure of buying for everyone.
As a gift exchange (Secret Santa)
How it works: Participants draw names (often from a hat or app) to find out who they are secretly buying a gift for.
Goal: To exchange gifts in a fun, budget-friendly way, focusing on surprise and togetherness.
Variations: Can involve a set price limit, themed gifts, or even guessing who your "Kris Kringle" is.
The name Kris Kringle is an Americanized corruption of the German word "Christkindl," which translates to "Christ Child". Its origin traces back to the religious shifts of the 16th century and the subsequent migration of German-speaking settlers to North America.
1. The Protestant Reformation (16th Century)
The figure of the Christkindl was introduced by Martin Luther during the Protestant Reformation. Luther sought to move away from the Catholic veneration of Saint Nicholas—whose feast day on December 6 was the traditional time for gift-giving—to refocus the holiday on Jesus Christ. He promoted the idea that the "Christ-child" secretly delivered gifts on Christmas Eve.
2. Evolution of the Figure
From Baby to Angel: Originally intended to represent the infant Jesus, the Christkindl evolved in folklore into a separate, angelic figure—often depicted as a young girl or child with golden hair and wings—who brings gifts to well-behaved children.
Anglicization: When German and Pennsylvania Dutch immigrants settled in the United States in the 18th and 19th centuries, they brought this tradition with them. English-speaking neighbors mispronounced the dialectal Christkindl (or Christ-kinkle) as Kris Kringle.
3. Merger with Santa Claus (19th Century)
In North America, the distinct European figures of Saint Nicholas, Father Christmas, and the Christkindl began to merge.
Literary Influence: By the 1840s, books like Kriss Kringle's Book helped popularize the name across the U.S..
Interchangeability: While Christkindl remains a distinct figure in parts of Europe today, in the United States, "Kris Kringle" became a widely used synonym for Santa Claus.
Pop Culture: The association was cemented in the American consciousness by the 1947 film "Miracle on 34th Street," in which the lead character, who claims to be the real Santa Claus, is named Kris Kringle.
4. Modern Usage
Australia and Canada: In these regions, "Kris Kringle" (often abbreviated as "KK") is commonly used to refer to a Secret Santa gift exchange.
Europe: In Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, the Christkind still serves as the primary gift-bringer, distinct from the Americanized Santa Claus.
Candy canes originated in 17th-century Germany as plain white sugar sticks, with legend saying a choirmaster bent them into shepherd's crooks to keep children quiet during Christmas services. The red stripes and peppermint flavor were added later, around the turn of the 20th century, transforming the simple treat into the iconic Christmas symbol we know today, with meanings often tied to faith, representing the shepherd's staff or the blood of Christ.
Early Origins (17th Century)
Germany: The story begins with a choirmaster at the Cologne Cathedral who, to manage fidgety children during nativity services, had a local confectioner make straight sugar sticks.
The Crook: To make them more acceptable for church, he had the sticks bent into a shepherd's staff (crook) to symbolize the shepherds visiting baby Jesus.
Evolution to Modern Candy
Stripes & Flavor: For centuries, they remained white sugar sticks, but around the early 1900s, red stripes and peppermint flavor were introduced, making them more festive and appealing.
Symbolism: The white represents purity, while the red stripes can symbolize the blood of Christ or the scourging Jesus endured. The "J" shape is sometimes linked to Jesus.
Spread to America
German Immigrants: German immigrants brought the tradition to America, with German-Swedish immigrant August Imgard first decorating a Christmas tree with them in Ohio in 1847.
Mass Production: The labor-intensive process of hand-making them was revolutionized in the 1950s when Bob McCormack's brother-in-law invented a machine to automate production, making candy canes widely available.
Christmas carols evolved from a blend of ancient pagan rituals, medieval dances, and religious hymns, becoming the specific tradition we recognize today primarily during the 19th century.
1. Etymological and Ancient Roots
Pagan Solstice Songs: Long before Christianity, pagans in Europe sang songs and danced during winter solstice celebrations. The University of Plymouth notes that these festive gatherings were intended to keep spirits high during the coldest months.
The "Carole": The word "carol" is derived from the Old French carole, which described a popular ring dance accompanied by singing. Traditionally, carols were composed for all seasons (such as harvest or May carols), but only the Christmas association has widely survived.
2. Early Christian Integration
4th-Century Rome: The first Christmas-specific hymns were written in Latin in 4th-century Rome, but their austere theological nature made them less popular with common people.
St. Francis of Assisi: A major turning point occurred in 1223 when St. Francis of Assisi began using carols in native languages during his nativity plays in Italy. This made the stories of the Nativity accessible to ordinary people who did not understand Latin.
English "Caroles": The first recorded use of Christmas carols in English appears in a 1426 work by John Awdlay, a Shropshire chaplain.
3. Evolutionary Milestones
Wassailing: This tradition, dating back to Anglo-Saxon times, involved groups traveling house-to-house singing songs in exchange for food or "wassail" (a spiced drink).
The Puritan Ban: In the 17th century, under Oliver Cromwell, the celebration of Christmas and singing of carols was officially banned in England as "pagan". Carols survived primarily through secret home celebrations and oral tradition.
Victorian Revival: Most of the "traditional" carols sung today (e.g., "Hark! The Herald Angels Sing", "God Rest Ye Merry, Gentlemen") were either written or first published in the 19th century. This era saw a major resurgence in caroling driven by the publication of collections like William Sandys's Christmas Carols, Ancient and Modern (1833).
First Carol Service: The first formal carol service was held on Christmas Eve 1880 at Truro Cathedral in Cornwall. This later evolved into the famous Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols at King's College, Cambridge, in 1918.
Gingerbread
Gingerbread’s origin spans thousands of years, evolving from ancient ritual honey cakes to the festive cookies and houses known today.
1. Ancient Beginnings (c. 2400 BCE – 900 CE)
Early Recipes: Food historians trace the first known recipe for a ginger-flavored cake to Ancient Greece around 2400 BCE.
Ceremonial Use: Ancient Egyptians and Greeks used an early form of gingerbread for ceremonial and religious purposes.
Introduction to Europe: The traditional Armenian monk Gregory of Nicopolis is credited with bringing gingerbread to Europe in 992 CE. He lived in France for seven years, where he taught French Christians how to bake it.
2. Medieval Evolution and Guilds (11th – 15th Century)
The Crusades: In the 11th century, Crusaders returning from the Middle East brought ginger and other spices back to Europe, making them available for aristocratic cooks.
Monastic Production: During the 13th century, monks in Germany began using carved wooden molds to create Lebkuchen (gingerbread) featuring religious scenes.
Baking Guilds: By the 15th century, specialized gingerbread guilds were established in Germany (notably in Nuremberg) and France to control production and protect secret recipes.
3. The Birth of Iconic Shapes
Gingerbread Men: Queen Elizabeth I is widely credited with inventing the gingerbread man in the 16th century. She requested her bakers create biscuits in the likeness of visiting dignitaries and guests.
Gingerbread Houses: These originated in Germany during the 16th century. Their popularity surged in the 19th century following the publication of the Brothers Grimm fairy tale Hansel and Gretel, which featured a house made of treats.
4. Etymology and Modern Adaptation
The Name: The word "gingerbread" is derived from the Old French gingebras, meaning "gingered food," which itself comes from the Latin zingiber.
Ingredient Shifts: Early European recipes used a paste of stale breadcrumbs, honey, and ground almonds. In the 16th century, English bakers replaced breadcrumbs with flour and added eggs to create the lighter, modern version.
American Variation: European settlers brought gingerbread to the Americas, where they began using molasses (cheaper than sugar) to produce a softer, darker cake. One famous recipe was that of George Washington’s mother, Mary Ball Washington.
Mistletoe
The tradition of mistletoe at Christmas originates from a blend of ancient pagan rituals and 18th-century English customs.
Ancient Cultural Roots
Celtic Druids (1st Century AD): Druids considered mistletoe sacred because it remained green and bore fruit during winter. They believed it possessed magical properties, using it to ward off evil spirits, ensure fertility, and serve as a "cure-all" medicine.
Norse Mythology: The most famous legend involves the god Baldur, who was killed by an arrow made of mistletoe. In one version, his mother Frigg (the goddess of love) wept over him; her tears became the plant's white berries and brought him back to life. She then declared mistletoe a symbol of love and promised a kiss to anyone who passed beneath it.
Ancient Romans: During the winter festival of Saturnalia, Romans used mistletoe to symbolize peace and reconciliation. Enemies who met under the plant would lay down their weapons and observe a truce.
The "Kissing" Tradition
18th-Century England: The modern custom of kissing under the mistletoe began in the 1700s, initially among the servant class in England.
Victorian Era Popularization: By the mid-19th century, the tradition spread to the middle and upper classes. Authors like Washington Irving and Charles Dickens helped popularize it through their writing, describing the "privilege" of men kissing women found under the plant.
Original Etiquette: Traditionally, for every kiss given, one berry had to be plucked from the sprig. Once all berries were gone, the "privilege" of kissing ended for that season.
Etymology
The word "mistletoe" is derived from two Anglo-Saxon words: mistel (meaning "dung" or "manure") and tan (meaning "twig" or "stick"). This reflects the ancient observation that the plant often grows where birds have left droppings on tree branches.
Christmas Stockings
The origin of Christmas stockings is most commonly traced to a 4th-century legend involving Saint Nicholas of Myra, though it also draws from ancient European and Norse customs.
1. The Legend of Saint Nicholas
The most popular origin story concerns an impoverished widower and his three daughters.
The Story: The man was too poor to provide dowries for his daughters, making it impossible for them to marry. Hearing of their plight, Saint Nicholas wanted to help but knew the father was too proud to accept charity.
The Secret Gift: One night, Nicholas secretly tossed three bags (or spheres) of gold through an open window or down the chimney.
The Stockings: The gold reportedly landed in the daughters' stockings, which had been hung by the fireplace to dry. This act of kindness allowed the girls to marry and sparked the tradition of hanging stockings in hope of receiving gifts.
2. Pagan and Cultural Roots
Norse Mythology (Odin): Some historians link the tradition to the Norse god Odin. Children would fill their boots with carrots and straw for Odin’s eight-legged horse, Sleipnir, and Odin would replace the food with gifts or sweets.
Dutch Clogs (Sinterklaas): In the Netherlands, children would leave wooden clogs (shoes) out for Sinterklaas to fill with treats on his feast day, December 6th. This custom eventually transitioned from shoes to stockings when Dutch settlers brought the tradition to America.
3. Modern Popularization
The tradition became a fixture of the modern American Christmas in the 19th century:
Clement Clarke Moore: His 1823 poem, "A Visit from St. Nicholas" (commonly known as "The Night Before Christmas"), famously mentions "the stockings were hung by the chimney with care," cementing their place in Christmas Eve lore.
The Transition to Decorative Items: Originally, children used their everyday socks. It wasn't until the late 19th and early 20th centuries that retailers began producing and selling the large, festive red-and-white decorative stockings common today.
4. Significance of Stocking Stuffers
Gold Coins and Oranges: The tradition of placing an orange at the bottom of a stocking is said to represent the gold spheres Saint Nicholas threw for the daughters.
Coal: Conversely, the legend suggests that while good children receive treats, naughty children receive lumps of coal, a deterrent likely stemming from European folklore (such as the Italian Befana).
Poinsettia
The association of the poinsettia with Christmas originates from 16th-century Mexican legend and its natural mid-winter blooming cycle. Originally known in the Nahuatl language as cuetlaxochitl, the plant was cultivated by the Aztecs as a symbol of purity and for medicinal uses.
The Legend of the Miracle
The most well-known origin story involves a young girl named Pepita (or Maria in some versions) in 16th-century Mexico:
The Humble Gift: Too poor to afford a gift for the Christmas Eve service, Pepita gathered a bouquet of humble roadside weeds to place at the church's Nativity scene.
The Transformation: As she laid them at the altar, the weeds miraculously burst into brilliant red blooms.
"Flores de Noche Buena": This event led to the plant being called Flores de Noche Buena ("Flowers of the Holy Night"), a name still used in Mexico today.
Religious and Botanical Ties
Missionary Adoption: In the 17th century, Franciscan friars in Taxco, Mexico, began incorporating the plants into Christmas processions (Fiesta of Santa Pesebre) because they naturally bloomed in December.
Symbolism: Christians eventually saw the star-shaped leaves as a symbol of the Star of Bethlehem, the red color representing the blood of Christ's sacrifice, and the white representing His purity.
Spread to the United States
Joel Roberts Poinsett: The plant was introduced to the U.S. in the 1820s by Joel Roberts Poinsett, the first U.S. Ambassador to Mexico. A botanist himself, he sent cuttings to his home in South Carolina and shared them with friends, establishing the tradition of giving them as holiday gifts.
Commercial Boom: In the early 20th century, the Ecke family in California developed techniques to mass-produce the plant and marketed it heavily to TV studios, solidifying its place as the "official" Christmas flower in American culture.
